New Features in Java 5 – From Programmer’s Point of View
With emergence of Java 5, a set of new features is included in Java technology. Many programmers working on Java technology were excited before its release about its new features. In this article, new features of Java 5 are summarized which are important from programmer’s point of view.
Language Features
Get Rid of ClassCastException With Generics
It is very common experience among programmers to face ClassCastException at run time while integrating different parts (modules) of application which are interacting with each other in form of collections where collections are passed as parameters to methods or returned from methods or set and get in a common place holder mechanism like session. To avoid this scenario Generics are introduced in Java 5. Here is one example how to use Generics with collection classes.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
/* Note that there is no need to cast the object to Integer class any more*/;;
void userOfCollection(Collection
…..for (Iterator< Integer > i = pInt.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) ;;;;;;;;;;;;
……….if (i.next().intValue() == 4);;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
……….i.remove();;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
};;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Generic is most important and quite hyped feature of Java 5. Prior to this, there was no way to know which type of object is residing there in the collection. Generic helps programmers to integrate their stuff with each other in a declarative manner.
New Convenient for Loop
The “for” loop in Java language has been enhanced to iterate through collections. Here is the example how it works with collections.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
/*Old way of iterating through collections*/;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
void oldForLoop(Collection
…..for (Iterator< Integer > i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); );;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
……….if (i.next().intValue() == 4);;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
……….i.remove();;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
}……….;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
/* New way of iterating through collections*/;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
void newForLoop(Collection
…..for (Integer i : c);;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
……….if (i.next().intValue() == 4);;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
……….i.remove();;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
}…..;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
If you notice here, to iterate through a collection using a “for” loop has been very simple now. Prior to this, most time Iterator and Enumerator classes were used to iterate through collection objects. And in most implementations people need to iterate through collection objects.
This new implementation also helps in avoiding NoSuchElementException at run time. It also makes the code more readable and maintainable.
Autoboxing of Primitives
In the example we have discussed in the previous topic, we did something which is not required in Java 5
if(i.next.intValue() == 4)
Here in this assertion, we have to take primitive int type value from the Integer type object using intValue() method. Even to store any primitive value such as int or long in a collection object one needs to wrap it in wrapper class first and store it.
This overhead is no more required in Java 5. With autoboxing, wrapper objects can directly act as primitive type values as and when required. So we can write the above assertion statement this way also.
if(i.next == 4)
The same mechanism can be used to place primitive values in collections without wrapping them in wrapper classes.
Introduction of Enums
Type safe enum was long awaited feature in Java language. It has been introduced in Java 5.
To represent a constant custom type there was no way except definition String or int constant literals like
public static final String DAY_MONDAY = “Monday”;
public static final String DAY_TUESDAY = “Tuesday”;
But now with the introduction of enums in Java, there is a type safe and standard mechanism of defining custom types for multiple values.
Example:
enum DAY { MONDAY, TUESDAY }
This way, Monday and Tuesday are no longer String literals and also String operations cannot be performed on them (which are actually not required).
Varying Arguments – Varargs
Varargs is another step towards Java community’s commitment for object orientation and convenience of programming. We know that when we need to pass multiple values to a method as parameter, array of values (or objects) is efficient and convenient way. But, with the introduction of Varargs it has been more convenient to pass arrays or set of arguments to methods.
E.g. If a method is defined like
void doSomeThing(String[] args){}
As a client to call this method, one has to first create an array containing Strings and then call the method with that array of string as argument.
doSomeThing({“A”,”B”,”C”});
But, with varargs
void doSomeThing(String… args){}
This method can be called in two different ways.
doSomeThing({“A”,”B”,”C”});
or
doSomeThing(“A”,”B”,”C”);
Here String… in method declaration indicates that at a placeholder here either an array of String should be passed or String literals can directly be passed.But it is not advisable to override a method with vararg because it may lead confusion while calling.
Avoid Using Constant Interface Antipattern
Prior to Java 5, there was an ugly approach in using constant values named as Constant Interface Antipattern. To keep constants at one place and make them accessible in different classes of the application, it was a custom to define an interface containing all constants, other classes had to implement the interface wherever those constants were required. Actually this approach conflicts with the object orientation of Java language. Such constants are implementation details for a class but if the class accesses them by implementing an interface they become a part of public access (API) of the class. It means implementation details are being linked as API here.
To avoid this behavior, Constant Imports are introduced in Java 5. Using constant imports one can avoid implementing such interfaces.
E.g. import static com.mycompany.MyClass.MyConstant;
This constant can then be used without class qualificationint l = 5* MyConstant;
Enhancements in Libraries
Language and Utility (lang and util packages)
- ProcessBuilder: Introduced as enhancement to be used in place of Runtime.exec method. It offers more flexibility.
- Formatter: This new class has been introduced to improve formatting facility in Java language for String, Date, Time, and Number etc.
- Scanner: This new class is based in regex implementation. It can be used to read and search from streams for a particular pattern or into a particular primitive type or String.
Networking
- Ipv6 on Windows Xp and 2003 server is supported.
- Timeout can be enabled and customized for any connection.
- InetAdderess API has been improved in a way that it can be used to verify if host is reachable or not.
- CookieHandler API has been introduced for better handling of cookies.
I18N (Internationalization)
- Unicode Standard Versions 4.0 now forms basis for character handling.
- DecimalFormat class has been improved in a way that precision is not lost while parsing BigDecimal and BigInteger values.
- New language support: Vietnamese
Enhancements in Integration Libraries
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI)
- NameClassPair has been improved to access full name from directory or service.
- More standard LDAP controls are being supported now e.g. Manage Referral Control, Paged Results Control and Sort Control
- Improved functionality to modify LDAP names
JDBC
Five new implementation of RowSet interface has been provided with Java 5.
- Straightforward implementation of RowSet functionality is JdbcRowSet.
- CachedRowSet is a lightweight implementation in a way that it dose not hold connection to the data source all time. Once any operation is performed on the data source, it ends the connection and caches data offline.
- Another implementation of CachedRowSet is FilteredRowSet. This can be used to derive subset of data from cached data of CachedRowSet.
- JoinRowSet is also one of implementations of CachedRowSet. It can be used to derive data from multiple RowSets based on a SQL join.
- To describe XML data in tabular format using standard XML schema, WebRowSet has been implemented. It is also extending CachedRowSet.
RMI
- Stub classes can be generated dynamically in Java 5. With introduction of dynamic stub class generation, one does not need to run rmic compiler to generate stub classes for RMI applications. But, to be prior versions compliance, still one has option to run rmic for older version clients.
- Standard APIs for SSL and TLS has been added to standard RMI library. So now RMI applications can communicate over secured Socket Layer or Transport Layer Security.
Summary
From programmer’s point of view there are some revolutionary improvements in Java 5. These changes are aimed to improve convenience, stability and performance of application development using Java technology. Also one can opt to make applications more robust by going for features of Java 5 like Enums, Generics, for-each loop and Autoboxing. These features are more targeted to make the code simpler and easy to maintain. Library enhancements are going to help programmers in implementing their ideas in better way. And JDBC enhancements are aimed to support separate data access layer in web and enterprise applications.But, some people never like to change things around them, for them they can always program Java applications the way they have been doing prior to release of Java 5.
