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People Skills – Why Negotiation Skills are Important

At one point or another, you may have realized that in your communication and interaction with the people around you, there are times when you could not agree on something and you would prefer to have it your way more than what the other person suggests or wants. In order to win it, you make a compromise that would seem amenable to you and the other person. It could also be that the other person will offer a deal which may seem acceptable enough to the both of you. This interactive process of communicating is called negotiation. Negotiation can happen…
June 15, 2011 - - Comments:

Oracle 11g Read Only Tables

A Read-Only table is a normal data storage table, which restricts any transactional action on it. In the tutorial, we shall study the behavior of READ-ONLY tables under different scenarios.
June 16, 2011 - - Comments:

Oracle 11g Subprogram Overloading

Polymorphism is an Object Oriented Programming language feature which allows the objects to accept same input and behave differently. It can be implemented in three ways i.e. overriding, hiding, and overloading.
June 17, 2011 - - Comments:

People Skills Tips and Strategies

Humans are born to be social beings. Given this fact, individuals ought to mingle with each other every day through interaction and communication. It is nearly impossible for a single human being not to communicate with another individual in a lifetime. People constantly communicate, interact and exchange ideas on just about anything. But because every individual has a unique personality, not every person is gifted with the ability to deal with people effectively. In many instances and circumstances, you may have come to a realization that getting along with people is one of the essential things in life. You get…
June 20, 2011 - - Comments:

People Skills – Why Questioning Skills are Important

How do you expect to get the right kind of information from a communication dialogue? Unless the speaker provides you with the facts and details, you will never find out about the many other things you want to discover if you do not ask questions. Questioning is but a part of an exchange in communication between and among individuals. It is a key tool to learning new knowledge, clearing out confusions and misunderstanding, and in resolving issues. Asking questions is a skill that needs to be honed. By mastering the art of asking the right and effective questions, other communication…
June 20, 2011 - - Comments:

People Skills – Why Networking Skills are Important

How important it is to meet new people every now and then? If you come to think of it, you can be settled with the current circle of friends that you already have. But there is a constant need to get yourself acquainted to new faces and further relations with people in both your personal and public or work life. In a more technical aspect, this is called networking. Networking is more like expanding your list of friends, but it is more than making friends. When you expand your network, it can pertain to many different aspects of your professional…
June 20, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Introduction

Object-oriented analysis and design is a software engineering model which makes use of objects, classes, state, methods and behavior concepts to analyze and demonstrate system structure, functional needs and behavior. While Object-oriented analysis emphasizes the things that a system actually does, the object oriented design is concerned with the manner in which the system does it. One thing that you must keep in mind is that the object oriented system will always be comprised of objects. The behavior for the system is a result for the connection that is made with the objects. Connections between objects will require them to…
June 21, 2011 - - Comments:

Object Oriented Design

Object-oriented design can be best thought of as the process by which a system is planned, a system which is comprised of objects that interact with each other. These objects will interact with each other so that they are capable of dealing with software issues. Object-oriented design forms an important foundation for OOAD, and is just one of the many approaches which is used for the creation of software applications. Within the field of software development, an object is comprised of data and procedures which are encapsulated. When objects are collected together, they symbolize an entity. The object interface is…
June 23, 2011 - - Comments:

Object Oriented Design Building Blocks

Architectural specifications are very useful because they offer software a structure which is very coherent. Coherence can be best achieved through the usage of manifestations which are formal, and the reason for this is because it allows for a representation for the architecture which is verifiable. A number of ADLs, or Architecture Description Languages, have been designed for this purpose, and every one of them are derived from the theory which has already been created. At the same time, there are some techniques which are idiosyncratic when it comes to the OOP paradigm, and one good example of this is…
June 26, 2011 - - Comments:

How OOAD is used in the Real World

Real World Applications for OOAD There are a number of ways in which the OOAD method for software modeling may be used in the real world. It can be used quite well with control systems that operate in real time. OOAD can work very well with real time systems, and it does not matter whether they are medium or large. There is a big difference between theory and practice, and the problem with so many software development theories is that they are just that, theories. At some point, you must get past the planning stage and begin focusing on the…
June 26, 2011 - - Comments:

C Doubly Linked Lists

In this tutorial you will learn about C Programming – What is Doubly linked lists, Adding Nodes Doubly linked lists, Traversing a Doubly linked lists and working with Doubly linked list Example. Doubly linked lists are the same as singly linked lists, except they have an extra pointer per node so they point to the next node and the previous node. You just make sure that whenever you insert a node you set next to the next node and previous to the previous node. They will also commonly keep a tail and head pointer so that traversal may start at…
June 26, 2011 - - Comments:

C Circular Linked Lists

In this tutorial you will learn about C Programming – What is Circular Linked List, Adding Nodes to Circular Linked Lists, Traversing a Circularly Linked List and working with Circularly Linked List Example. Circular linked lists are usually used for a queue or stack type situation, or for implementing a round robin algorithm in system level programming. You could also use one for a multiplayer game where you were keeping track of player’s turns where it just repeats until the game ends. They are exactly the same as a singly linked list, but instead of setting the next pointer in…
June 26, 2011 - - Comments:

UML Usage in OOAD

Standard UML Usage In most cases, UML will be used for the purpose of analyzing and designing software programs. There are a number of variations within the object oriented analysis world, but many of them have goals which are more or less identical. Object oriented analysis typically wish to define the primary usage scenarios which exist for the system, but from the view point of distinct users. Object oriented analysis variations also wish to define the interactions which exist among both the system as well as the user, particularly when it comes to the execution for the usage scenario, which…
June 28, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD and Software Architecture

Transition for Object Oriented Techniques Over the last few years, a number of changes have been made with regard to object oriented techniques. Along with transition, there has been a modification in terms of the role and view of software development methods, with the well-established usage of the early stages for software development projects, including system specification as well as the analysis of requirements. Object oriented techniques are being viewed more when it comes to the provision of the intellectual support which is necessary throughout the entire spectrum for the creation of software programs. This includes both the design as…
June 28, 2011 - - Comments:

Conditional compilation in Oracle PL/SQL

Oracle 10g introduced conditional compilation feature in its second release. The conditional compilation feature enables a developer to impose conditions on the compiler. This implies that out of the complete source code of a program unit, only the part of code, which qualifies these conditions, would be compiled.
June 28, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Design Analysis Implementation

What is Design Analysis Implementation (DAI)? Due to the expanding usage of various forms of technology, a need has been created for a system which is integrated, one which allows concurrent design, as well as modeling. Right now, the ability to design various technological tools is based on programming systems which are offline. The capability for these design systems exist independent of the analysis or modeling capability. It is important to consider the implementation of a system which is integrated, one that can be used through the design phases for numerous technological tools, whether they are digital products such as…
June 28, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Development Paradigms

OOAD Applications The paradigm which is associated with OOAD is connected to many of the programming languages which are classified as being third generation. Two of these languages are COBOL as well as Fortran. The procedure constructs for these programming languages allow for abstraction mechanisms which are highly robust. Behavior which is highly advanced may be taken from units which are much more basic. The fundamental structure for programming languages such as Algo allow for syntactic support, particularly for layers which are arbitrary. Once these are applied to the creation of systems, then the abstraction mechanism will place a heavy…
June 30, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Development Phases and Prototypes

Software Development Models Very few software developers can resist the allure of the waterfall model. Software Experts agree that the information gathered downstream can be responsible for altering decisions which were made upstream, and because of this, they violate the basic sequence development algorithms. The conceptualization of a process for development where an individual can backtrack from any point to a previous one has brought about the introduction of the fountain idea, where you assume that the requirements are located near the bottom of the target system. The development process may be comprised of some feedback loops, but it may…
July 4, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Analysis

Analysis in Software Development is Crucial The process of creating an artifact which is complex is prone to some errors. One reason for this is because of the intangibility that comes from the results which are intermediate when developing a software product. Studies have shown that the costs involved with fixing errors have increased costs, and these errors may occur at various stages of the software development life cycle. What this means is that software development teams must place a heavy emphasis on saving money and reducing errors as much as possible. Instead of focusing on a specific target system,…
July 4, 2011 - - Comments:

Oracle Pragma

In a programming language, compiler plays a crucial role in execution of a program. Compiler is a language component which converts a source code, written using one of the interactive programming languages, into machine code, which the server can interpret and act upon.
July 6, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Object Statics

Instances Objects encompass both tangible as well as non-tangible concepts. Some examples which are considered to be non-tangible include electronic transactions, newspaper articles, or phone calls. There will be times when it is necessary to speak of a specific instance within your system model. For instance, the bank may be comprised of a number of important system accounts. You may wish to describe employees, as well as executive officers. At the same time, the collection of classes will generally be described. The term "class" is used to describe a group of objects which are related to each other, a "family"…
July 6, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Objects Relationships

What are Relationships? It is important to take into consideration the static similarities that often exist among the objects. This means that you must also take into consideration the connections which are made with ER modeling. For instance, the Ownership relation is responsible for making a connection with the Client class and the Account class. The relationship may be found within a group of tuples which are typed. They will be typed within the sense that the nth element within the tuple is the instance for the set domain or class. The signature for the relationship is simply a list…
July 9, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Object Dynamics

Understanding Behavior It is important to consider the importance of behavior when it comes to objects which are dynamic. Describing a behavior can become notoriously difficult with respect to OOAD. Physics will borrow numerous concepts from mathematics, such as differential equations in order to describe entities which change, as well as gases, fluids, or things of this nature. The ways in which the entities behave within the domains are important, but they will often be incapable of offering satisfaction for differential equations. Even something relatively basic such as the piston engine bypasses the formalism which is common with many differential…
July 9, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Objects Interactions

How Objects Interact Within the world of OOAD, the interaction of objects will occur within patterns, and these patterns may be broken down into two categories, which are different because of the roles which are associated with the participants. The first of these patterns is the event producer object and one or more objects which are connected to the event consumer. The consumer interaction which is associated with the producer may make use of communication which is one-way. Some examples of this include the items on a menu, a buyer requesting a specific product from a supplier, or a generator…
July 11, 2011 - - Comments:

OOAD Classes

Understanding the Ways in which Classes are Connected Inheritance is a very important concept within the object oriented programming paradigm. Inheritance is essentially comprised of the merger of two simple concepts, which are reuse and abstractions. To begin with, you may recognize that two constructs, such as X and Y, have something which relates them together. If you do not wish to deal with this shared aspect more than once, then you have the option of creating a construct called Z that will be responsible for holding the commonality, taking the commonality from X and Y and restoring it inside…
July 11, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Cross Browser Testing

A web page is created to have an online presence. Visitor traffic is a very important factor for online success. One of the variables that significantly affect the web pages’ accessibility to the targeted visitors is the web browser. However several browsers are currently in use and each of these web browser interprets the HTML tags differently, thus affecting the web pages’ appearance and accessibility. Web pages may appear and function differently, depending on the computer hardware and software configurations. There is always an ongoing and concurrent innovation or development of hardware, operating systems, browsers and screen resolutions. There are…
July 25, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Database Testing

Database testing is perhaps the most important test that can check the overall functionality of the software. A complete software system will enhance functionality of different aspects like stored functions, stored procedures, and triggers. Database testing is almost similar to regression testing as it can run automatically to ensure the integrity and robustness of the database layer of the software. There are enough reasons that compel us to conduct database testing on a regular basis. Data sets are an essential feature of a software product. It is very important to test and validate your data to keep it valid and…
July 26, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Dynamic Testing

Dynamic testing or dynamic analysis is an intricate process of inspecting and evaluating software applications as the user uses them. In sharp contrast, static tests are conducted on an application when it is not in use. Dynamic testing evaluates the software applications that work under different environments. Software testing is an intricate process of inspecting, evaluating and examining software during and after the developmental process. However, dynamic test is very important to evaluate software, before its release to market, so that you can verify that all its features are working. You may also need to ensure that there are no…
July 29, 2011 - - Comments:

What is End-to-End Testing

Software testing is an important aspect of software quality assurance. It represents the final process to ensure the correctness and fineness of the product. A quality software product always increases the customer confidence and satisfaction. In other words, a premium product means zero defects, bugs and errors, which are derived from a better quality process in testing. Designing and creating a software is a difficult process, because it needs proper testing by using different methods. Many software products are very complex and they have different concurrent subsystems that perform different functions almost simultaneously. As software developers work hard to assemble…
August 2, 2011 - - Comments:

UTL_FILE

UTL_FILE is an oracle supplied built in package, which can be used for text file operations located within a file system. The file system can exist either on the server side or on the client machine.
August 10, 2011 - - Comments:

Manage Oracle dependencies

Oracle schema is the home for all the database objects. It shelters the entire set of objects which participate in the data storage layer (tables, views) and data access layer (package, procedures, functions, triggers).
August 16, 2011 - - Comments:

Project Manager

Who is the Project Manager? The Project Manager, also referred to as a PM for short, is an individual who works in the field of project management. Project Managers are often the heads of company or organizational projects, and they are responsible for the execution, planning, and the closing of a given project, especially those projects which are connected to computer networking, architecture, or the development of software. While these are the fields in which project managers are typically employed in, it is by no means an exhaustive list. Most industries today which are highly technical or digital involve project…
August 18, 2011 - - Comments:

Project Control Systems

To develop a deeper understanding of project management, it is first important to become familiar with project control systems. Project control could be thought of as an element within a project which is responsible for making sure it is on track, as well as on time and within the defined budget. Project control should start early on within the project, and it should only end once the project has gone through the implementation review. The Five Project Management Elements Traditionally, there are five methods which are associated with project management, and these are Planning for Development Execution Initiation Monitoring Closing…
August 19, 2011 - - Comments:

Comparison Between SDLC Models

The SDLC, better known as the Software Development Life Cycle, is a term which is used to describe the development of software. In many cases, when companies and firms work with or develop new hardware, they will make the decision to outsource the work, and this will play an important role in the implementation of the software. The SDLC Models There are a number of different SDLC models available, and they are designed by experts who specialize in software development. Fresh SDLC models are being introduced all the time, and they will often come in the form of fresh research…
August 20, 2011 - - Comments:

C Programming – Data Types : Part 2

Structure A struct is an aggregate type, meaning that it is made up of other objects. The objects that make up a struct are called its members. The members of a struct may be accessed by the ‘.’ or ‘->’ operators. A struct may be named or unnamed. Let’s look at some examples: #include    struct person    {            char first[100];            char last[100];            int  age;            struct {                    char addrline[500];                   char city[100];                   char state[30];                   char zip[15];           } address;   };   void printperson( struct person *p )   {           printf( “%s…
August 21, 2011 - - Comments:

Creating Project Cost Estimates

For most projects, the highest costs will be connected to the team members. When you consider this, the wisest manner in which cost estimates should be made will be through the creation of a project schedule (via a program such as Microsoft Project), which has resource management functions that give you the ability to measure the different types and amounts of labor. When cost estimates are made for projects, they are usually accomplished through the sum of estimates for the separate elements which make up the project. The pieces could differ in size, and while some only have a few…
August 22, 2011 - - Comments:

Project Management Approach

A project is best described as an endeavor which is finite, one which is carried out so that either a product or service can be created. The reason why a project is described as being finite is because it differs from a process or permanent system, in which the goal is to repeatedly create a product for extended periods of time. The management for both is quite different. What is Project Management? Project management is the field that involves the planning and handling of resources that allows a team to successfully complete a project, reaching the goals and objectives which…
August 23, 2011 - - Comments:

Project Management Structure and Variables

The Project Management Triangle The most basic structure for project management is called the PM triangle. As with any project that requires a group of humans to reach towards a goal, a project must be completed successfully under specific circumstances. While there are many circumstances or constraints that a project may face, three of the best known as cost, scope, and time. It is these three factors that form the structure of the PM triangle. When the constraints are refined to a much higher degree, performance can also be thought of as the fourth constraint. The time constraint involves how…
August 24, 2011 - - Comments:

Project Plan Structuring Process

It is very important for the project manager to take the time to plan the project, and this includes the initiation as well as the specification phases. It will also be necessary for project managers to work with the stakeholders, not only for the initiation phases for the project, but also for the planning and specifications as well. It will first be necessary to offer a name for the project, a name that will act as a clear overview of it as well as its scope. It may also be a good idea to include a number which can be…
August 26, 2011 - - Comments:

Project Management Change Control

Change Control Overview In the world of project management, change control is best described as the process which is responsible for the management of change. The standard method which is used for managing the change within a typical PM project is called the Change Control form. When this form is used, it will basically be utilized for the purpose of comprising the scope of the change, as well as the impact which is made to the project. Once it has been approved, it will be placed within the project master plan. The Change Control process is also used by the…
August 28, 2011 - - Comments:

Project Risk Management Process

Whenever an organization embarks on a project, there will be a variety of different threats that this project will face. Some of these will come in the form of circumstances which are unforseen, and they could cause the cost of time of the project to explode. While project managers and risk owners can take the time to address and alleviate as many potential risks as possible, the reality is that it is impossible to consider every possible scenario that could occur. While risk management is typically seen as a solution to these threats, it can be either overdone or even…
August 29, 2011 - - Comments:

Projects Risk Analysis

Almost all businesses today involves certain degree of risk. Some of the risks that business owners face on a day-to-day basis includes changing trends, customer habits, or the appearance of fresh competitors. Evaluate the Risks for Your Project There are a number of things which could occur that are simply outside your control, things which could cause major delays when it comes to the completion of your project. Despite this, developing a risk evaluation and management system can allow you to fight against the unexpected. The reason for this is because it gives you the ability to analyze the risks…
August 30, 2011 - - Comments:

Risk Control Within Project Management

Studies have shown that when project managers take the time to incorporate risk management into their projects, the projects tend to become much more successful. As the name suggests, risk management involves the control of the various risk factors which are related to a project. It requires you to not only monitor the project, but take the time to review potential risks, as well as making crucial decisions which involve dealing with potential dangers to the project. The combination of risk management in conjunction with project management is quite new, particularly when it comes to both software and product development….
August 31, 2011 - - Comments:

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

No matter how well the PM plans out their project, in most situations, things will not go exactly as planned. The entire project team must take the time to develop the plan, and this task should not simply be left up to the project manager. What this ensures is that the experience of the entire team should always be considered, and each person must be committed and feel as though they have an ownership in the project. Having said that, one thing that good project teams should always consider developing is a WBS, or Work Breakdown Structure. The WBS must…
September 1, 2011 - - Comments:

Software for Project Management

There are a variety of different software programs that are used in the field of project management, and they often fall under different categories. For example, some of the software which project managers and their teams may use include budget management software, scheduling software, and resource allocation software. These are just a few of the different software types which are used, and they are most often useful when it comes to handling large projects which are very complex. While project management software packages carry out a variety of different tasks, there are some common features they all share. The first…
September 2, 2011 - - Comments:

Using the Gantt Chart for Project Management

What is the Gantt Chart? The Gantt Chart is basically a bar chart which is used in the field of project management for showcasing the project management schedule. A Gantt chart will generally showcase both the starting date for a project, as well as the end date, and it will also feature various elements which are connected to the project. Terminal elements typically featured on the Gantt chart, and summary elements may be added as well. These two elements are responsible for comprising the work breakdown structure for the project. Many Gantt charts also demonstrate the connections(called dependencies), which exist…
September 3, 2011 - - Comments:

How to Close a Project Properly

Properly closing a given project is very similar to many of the other processes which are commonly associated with project management. The reason I say this is because there are both outputs and inputs which are connected to the closing of the project, along with the tools and methods which are used to make sure it is done smoothly. Ending a Project Properly There are a number of inputs which are used in the closing of a project, and most of these inputs are utilized for the purpose of validating the completion of the project, along with any issues which…
September 4, 2011 - - Comments:

Oracle 11g SecureFiles

Relational content looks fine and flexible to follow even crude strategies of storage but unstructured data like documents of varied sort, audios, videos, and many more are add up the challenges for designers and architects.
September 4, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – The Problem of Sorting the Elements

In this tutorial, I will talk a little about the classification, stability and complexity of each algorithm, more regarding this you can read a little bit lower of this article. Then, the advantages or disadvantages of each algorithm are shown, which should give you the big picture of each algorithm. In the end there is a conclusion to sum things up or maybe to emphasis certain things. Sorting the elements is an operation that is encountered very often in the solving of problems. For this reason, it is important for a programmer to learn how sorting algorithms work. A sorting…
September 8, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Bubble Sort

Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm, which compares repeatedly each pair of adjacent items and swaps them if they are in the incorrect order. At the first run, the highest element of the list ends on the last place of the sorted list, and then, at the following run, the next highest element ends on one position lower than the previous element and so on. The initial list is finally sorted, when at a run, no swaps occur. Even though it’s one of the simplest sorting algorithms, it’s almost never used in real life because of the bad performance…
September 9, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Insertion Sort

Insertion sort is a simple comparison sorting algorithm, that considers at a step k, the elements of the array A[0,k-1] are already sorted out, and the element on the k position will be inserted that way that after the insertion, the elements A[0,k] are sorted out. Inserting the k element in the A[0,k-1] sequence requires a few steps: the element must be retained in a temporal variable; moving all the elements from the A[0,k-1] array that are greater than A[k] with a position to the right (this presumes a run from right to left of the array); placing the A[k]…
September 9, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Shell Sort

Shell sort is a generalization of the Insertion Sort, it sorts subsequences that become increasingly higher, until it is reached the value n – the total number of elements. Each subsequence i is determined by a number h_i called increment. Also, the increments must satisfy the following condition: h_t > h_t-1 > h_t-2 > … > h_2 > h_1 Step by step example : Having the following list, let’s try to use shell sort to arrange the numbers from lowest to greatest: Unsorted list: 16, 4, 3, 13, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 15, 18, 19, 7,…
September 10, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Radix Sort

Radix sort is a sorting algorithm that sorts the data, integers for example, by splitting the numbers into individual digits and comparing the individual digits sharing the same significant position. Also, a positional notation is required, because instead of integers there could be strings of characters or floating point numbers. The radix sort can be classified into 2 types: LSD (least significant digit) or MSD (most significant digit). The LSD sorting type begins from the least significant digit to the most significant digit and the MSD works the other way around. Note: having the number 150, the number 0 is…
September 10, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Selection Sort

Selection sort, also called naive (selection) sort, is an in-place comparison sort. It may look pretty similar to insertion sort, but it performs worse. It is a quite simple sorting algorithm, and may perform better than more complicated algorithms in particular cases, for example in the ones where the auxiliary memory is limited. How it works: First it finds the smallest number in the array and exchanges it with the element from the first position, then it finds the second smallest number and exchanges it with the element from the second position, and so on until the entire list is…
September 11, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Heap Sort

Heapsort is a comparison based algorithm. It bases on building a heap tree from the data set, and then it removes the greatest element from the tree and adds it to the end of the sorted list. There are two ways to do this, either to add the highest value to the root of the tree, or as one of the left/right child with the greatest depth. How it works: The heap tree is built according to the data set. Then the greatest value is move to the root of the tree, and then it is removed. This represents the…
September 11, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Counting Sort

Counting sort is a sorting algorithm that is not based on comparison like most other methods. This method of sorting is used when all elements to be sorted fall in a known, finite and reasonably small range. How it works: The algorithm refers to finding for each element a[i] the number of elements from the array that are lower than it. Step by step example : Having the following list, let;s try to use counting sort to arrange the numbers from lowest to greatest: Unsorted list, the array A contains the elements to be sorted: We count the number of…
September 12, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Merge Sort

Merge sort is another comparison based sorting algorithm. Also, it is a divide and conquer algorithm, which means the problem is split into multiple simplest problems and the final solution is represented by putting together all the solutions. How it works: The algorithm divides the unsorted list into two sub-lists of about half the size. Then sort each sub-list recursively by re-applying the merge sort and then merge the two sub-lists into one sorted list. Step by step example : Having the following list, let’s try to use merge sort to arrange the numbers from lowest to greatest: Unsorted list:…
September 12, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Exploratory Testing

Is exploratory testing similar to an ad-hoc test or monkey testing?  Among software testers, there is admittedly, still some confusion with regard to the term "exploratory testing".  The confusions lie in its technicalities; An exploratory test is almost similar to monkey testing or an ad-hoc testing and these 3 testing methods are unscripted in their nature. The term ‘exploratory testing’ was first publicly used by Cem Kaner in the book “Testing Computer Software”. Another known pioneer of exploratory testing is James Bach.  The definition provided by Bach states that, “Any testing to the extent that the tester actively controls the…
September 12, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Quick Sort

Quick sort is a comparison sort developed by Tony Hoare. Also, like merge sort, it is a divide and conquer algorithm, and just like merge sort, it uses recursion to sort the lists. It uses a pivot chosen by the programmer, and passes through the sorting list and on a certain condition, it sorts the data set. How it works: A pivot is chosen from the elements of the data set. The list must be reordered in such a way that the elements with the value less than the pivot come before it and the ones that are greater come…
September 13, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Bucket Sort

Bucket sort is a sorting algorithm that works by inserting the elements of the sorting array intro buckets, then, each bucket is sorted individually. The idea behind bucket sort is that if we know the range of our elements to be sorted, we can set up buckets for each possible element, and just toss elements into their corresponding buckets. We then empty the buckets in order, and the result is a sorted list. It is similar to radix sort. How it works: Initially we have to set up an array of empty buckets, then put each object into its bucket….
September 13, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Comb Sort

Comb sort is a simple sorting algorithm which improves on bubble sort. The main idea for this type of algorithm is to eliminate the small values near the end of the list, as these slow down the sorting process. How it works: In comb sort, the main usage is of gaps. For example, in bubble sort the gap between two elements was 1 whilst here the gap starts out as a large value and shrinks until it reaches the value 1, when it practically becomes bubble sort. The shrink factor determines how much the gap is lessened. The value is…
September 14, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Gnome Sort

Gnome sort is an extremely simple sorting algorithm, very similar to insertion sort. Also, it is another comparison and exchange sort. You could say that it looks like bubble sort, and you would be right. How it works: In gnome sort, two adjacent elements are compared, and if they are in the wrong order, they are swapped. The comparison continues with the next element, and the same condition is checked, but the order is wrong, a swap takes place, and after the swap, the lower element is now compared to the previous element and if they are not in order,…
September 14, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Graph Theory

The graph theory refers to the study of graphs. A graph is a mathematical object that captures the notion of connection. For example, you want to connect two or more dots that could be considered a graph. Leonhard Euler is the inventor of graph theory, as he tried to solve the known problem of the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg.The townspeople supposedly posed the question “Is it possible to take a walk through town, crossing each of the seven bridges just once, and ending up wherever you started?”A representation of the bridges:Euler realized that all the points on the island (for…
September 15, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Topological Sort

Let us say that the order relation that was defined the in introduction lesson was a partial one, for example: a1 < a0, a1 < a2 < a3. The problem is to determine a list of order, in which if ai < aj then ai will come before aj in the final sorted list . For example, our list could be : a1, a0, a2, a3 or a1, a2, a0, a3 or a1, a2, a3, a0 Any partial ordered list can be sorted topological. For a graph, a topological sort of a directed graph refers to an ordering of the…
September 15, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Depth-First Search (DFS)

Depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS) are two algorithms for traversing a graph. Graph traversal refers to the problem of visiting all the nodes in a graph in a particular manner. Each node may have to be visited more than once, and a root-like node that connects to all other nodes might not exist. Let us start first with DFS. DFS A Depth-first search (DFS) is a technique for traversing a finite undirected graph. DFS visits the child nodes before visiting the sibling nodes, that is, it traverses the depth of the tree before the breadth. Example: Legend: white…
September 16, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Breadth-First Search (BFS)

Depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS) are two algorithms for traversing a graph. A breadth-first search (BFS) begins at the root node and explores all the neighboring nodes. Then for each of those nearest nodes, it explores their unexplored neighbor nodes, and so on, until it finds the goal. Example: In the case of BFS: If for DFS the traversal would be A, B, E, F, C, D, in the case of BFS it would be A, B, C, D, E, F. he BFS visits the nodes level by level, so it will start with level 0 which is…
September 16, 2011 - - Comments:

C Algorithms – Dijkstra’s Algorithm

This algorithm is a graph search algorithm that solves the shortest path problem for a graph. In the graph, the path between vertices has a cost or a length, so Dijkstra’s algorithm simply determines the path with the lowest cost between a vertex and another. The algorithm ends when the shortest path from a vertex to a destination vertex was discovered. How it works: 1) First thing to do is to set the distance value, which is 0 for the current node and infinity for the rest. 2) Set all the nodes as unvisited and initial node as current one;…
September 17, 2011 - - Comments:

Why You Need Influence Skills ?

Influence is a type of persuasion. Often people are affected by other’s behavior, words, actions and presence to a certain degree. Thoughts and actions of people can be controlled or even altered by influencing them. An example of one of the most common types of influence is the peer pressure. With peer pressure, an individual will be convinced to carry out actions that are chosen by his peers even though he may not like, he will still do it because he feels such actions are necessary for maintaining a good relationship with their peers. Charisma also helps in influencing others….
September 20, 2011 - - Comments:

Do you have the skills needed to influence ?

Before you begin to influence others, it is very important to know you strengths and weaknesses. Your greatest enemy is often the person you see when you stare into a mirror. By being aware of your own strengths and weaknesses, you have the foundation which can allow you to reach the heights of power. When you are aware of what you can and cannot do, you are less likely to overextend yourself.  One factor that separates successful people from those who are unsuccessful is that successful people have a deep understanding of themselves. They tend to be highly introspective, and…
September 23, 2011 - - Comments:

Multiple Intelligences – Gardner’s Theory

There are a number of theories for learning which have been developed over the course of the last 30 years. One of the most interesting of these theories is the multiple intelligence theory. This is a theory which was developed by Howard Gardner in 1983, and it basically deals with numerous aspects of developmental psychology, as well as cognitive psychology. Gardner spent a great deal of time interviewing many individuals, and they ranged from people who had suffered from strokes to geniuses, and those who were considered to be autistic. Based on his research, Gardner came up with seven forms…
September 26, 2011 - - Comments:

How to Gain Skills to Influence people ?

Being able to influence people is not only an important part of management, but it is also an important part of being a leader. It is very difficult to manage or lead others if you are incapable of influencing them.  Skilled managers are adept at using a number of tactics to influence others. One of the tactics which they make use of is being able to reason with their staff, as well as their superiors. Additionally,  managers and leaders also use pressure tactics in order to influence those beneath them. To be a successful manager or a leader, you must not…
September 27, 2011 - - Comments:

How to Increase Your Power Base ?

Power is often defined as “the ability to control the choices which are made by others”. This definition is very accurate, because if you are able to do this, there are few limits to the things you can accomplish in this world. In today’s world, while the word “power” has become synonymous with greed, evil, or unjust control, the truth of the matter is that all of us want to increase our own personal power base. Indeed, increasing your own power base allows you to be less susceptible to others imposing their own power on you. If you wish to…
September 28, 2011 - - Comments:

Effective judgment for Building Rapport

Effective judgment to build rapport with your prospects It is very important for you to develop the skill of using effective judgment to build rapport with your prospects. In this context, judgment is defined as knowing when you should listen, talk, and respond to what’s being said to you. This means that you must become skilled at giving a strong monologue, and you must also know when to be silent and transition back into dialogue again. While this may sound somewhat difficult, it actually isn’t. The first question that you must ask yourself is what it takes for you to…
October 1, 2011 - - Comments:

How to Work with Difficult People

To become successful in life, it is necessary for you to work with others. Few successes are a result of just one man or woman’s effort, and there is typically a long list of people who helped the individual succeed. However, the need to work with people also means that some of the people we work with may be difficult. Most of us are familiar with difficult people. No matter what you do for them, they are never pleased with it, or they always give you a hard time. They tend to be picky about things that are not truly important,…
October 3, 2011 - - Comments:

Are you ready for Disaster Recovery?

While many organizations have a tendency to focus on the most complex aspects of disaster recovery, the fact of the matter is that disaster recovery starts with the basics, and ends with them. You can get into all the complexities that you want, but if you don't understand the basics, your disaster recovery plans will be severely flawed. Topics Disaster Recovery Survival Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5 Rule 6 In a day and age where natural disasters and acts of terrorism are almost an annual occurrence, it has become critical for organizations to carefully consider…
October 13, 2011 - - Comments:

Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity

Disaster recovery is pretty self-explanatory, since it involves the recovery of your business operations after a destructive event. These disasters can range from horrible natural disasters to computer viruses. Topics Disaster Recovery Plan Business Impact Analysis What they all have in common is that these events reduce the ability of your company of function in the normal manner. While you would think that most large corporations and enterprises pay a great deal of attention to disaster recovery, the fact of the matter is that this isn't the case. Many executives have an overly optimistic mindset when it comes to disaster…
October 17, 2011 - - Comments:

Oracle VPD implementation

Oracle has provided several solutions to ensure and secure the database. An efficient security policy not only prevents the database against the database corruption or hacking threats but also minimizes the risk of unprivileged user access.
October 24, 2011 - - Comments:

Tips to find Job during Recession

It is always difficult to find a job during recession. One of the drastic effects of recession is that companies are having a hard time earning or posting a profit. This means that they have to make some adjustments in their business operation and one of those adjustments is to terminate employees. Keeping employees during recession is seen as a bad business move because they have to be given salaries which do not really reflect the earnings of the company. If employees are terminated, the company should be able to post some earnings and possibly survive recession. But the massive…
October 26, 2011 - - Comments:

IT Continuity Planning

Reality of Data and Application Protection Business data and applications are crucial for the success of any commercial organisation. Information related to business needs to be protected from system and network disasters. Topics Reality of Data IT Continuity Planning Components for IT Continuity IT Infrastructure Continuity Design IT Related Threat to Business An ideal scenario for complete data protection is to have the network connected to a back-up facility that will monitor any changes in the data. Each time the data changes, the back-up facility will mirror the changes so that network administrators can just reload the data to the…
November 6, 2011 - - Comments:

PL/Scope and PL/SQL Hierarchical Profiler

Since the time Oracle 11g has been released way back in the year 2003, it has waved a new exploring instinct among the database users. Till now, I observe the professionals engaged trying their hands out with Oracle 11g new features.
November 6, 2011 - - Comments:

Is Your Corporate Network Secure and Confidential?

Businesses are increasingly conducted over IT networks and it is imperative for them to maintain network confidentiality more than ever before. A failure to ensure the security of business IT network can lead to dire consequences. In order to secure these network, a number of changes are made to the infrastructure of the underlying network, and a network administrator is designated to create policies which will protect the network from unauthorized access. Topics The Security Management for a Network Network Security Attributes Types of Network Attacks Reasons for Network Attacks Constant Guard against Intrusion System versus Network Intrusion Discovering System Intrusion…
November 8, 2011 - - Comments:

Network Security Risk Assessment and Measurement

First Step for Risk Assessment Information that is gathered everyday regarding client and business transactions are either stored on servers or on user computers. These stored information are considered important and sensitive in the company’s interest and hence they need to be protected from network attacks and other unknown circumstances. Network administrator manage and protect the network through a series of passwords and data encryption. Topics First Step for Risk Assessment Identifying Essential Data/System/Hardware Identifying External Blocks Measuring the Risk to Your Enterprise Calculating the Assets Value The Liquid Financial Assets Value Getting Everything Together Unfortunately, there will always be…
November 10, 2011 - - Comments:

Effective Business Continuity Planning

While no one can be sure of where or when a disaster will occur, or what form the disaster will come in, it is important to be prepared for the unexpected. There are many companies today that have not taken into consideration the impact of disasters and this is a grave mistake. Topics BCP Guidelines BCP for Effective Planning Building an Efficient Recovery Solution Plan Recovery Point Objective Hardware and Data Back Up Requirements Evaluation If a company is subject to a disaster, whether natural or man-made, the measures it has taken to protect itself can mean the difference between…
November 12, 2011 - - Comments:

Business Impact Assessment and Recovery Plans

Introduction Having a continuity plan for any business establishment is highly important. Continuity plan need not be highly expensive. However, it should be dependent on business processes, along with the vulnerabilities that these processes have. Topics Introduction Business Impact Assessment Phases Role of Risk Assessment in BIA Recovery Plan Disaster Recovery Objectives Establish Disaster Recovery Plans Should you fail to identify either processes or risk, you cannot handle any kind of disaster, and you will not be able to deal with any of the consequences that come along with it. One aspect that any business organisation should become familiar with…
November 14, 2011 - - Comments:

Storage and BackUp Strategies

Introduction Topics Introduction What is an Online Back Up? Online Back Up Strategies Implementing Disaster Avoidance Implementation and Storage Security Issues to Consider Many of us are familiar with backing up our data.  While it sounds pretty simple, the fact is that most of the computer users do not backup their data. Some of the excuses which they often make involve how long it takes, how slow it is, or how many DVDs or disks they need. However, once disaster strikes, the loss that they will suffer by not having their data backed-up can be very severe. If you are…
November 15, 2011 - - Comments:

Producing Disaster Recovery Site

Topics Producing Disaster Recovery Site Disaster Recovery Site Essentials Disaster Recovery Site Control Center One of the most important aspect of disaster recovery is the production of a disaster recovery site, which is a remote location where duplicates of your data can be stored in the event of a disaster or emergency. These days, such sites have become more important than ever before. With the advent of terrible natural disasters, along with devastating acts, it has become far too risky for enterprises to store all their data on site. While even basic disaster recovery requires you to make backups of…
November 17, 2011 - - Comments:

Disaster Recovery Restoration Tips

Planning disaster recovery ensures that network developers will have an action plan when disaster strikes. Even with a simple action plan, network developers will know where to start and build up the execution. Topics Actual Disaster Recovery I. Problem Detection Stage II. Execution Phase III. Reconstruction Phase Restoring Communication after Disaster Restoration Procedure Communication Recovery Practice With a simple plan that only revolves around a concept, the network managers and the whole IT department will have the ability to adjust but it is going to be a lot of work to recover from disaster. On the other hand detailed planning…
November 18, 2011 - - Comments:

Creating and Developing Security Policies

Introduction With the right amount of encrypted data, as well as time and processing power, it is possible for attackers to compromise virtually any system. It is possible to stop these attacks from being successful by making it difficult to crack the password. Topics Introduction Working with Older Operating Systems Setting the Password Age Policy Developing a Security Policy Protocol Against Attacks There are two important strategies that can be used to achieve this, and one is to make sure users use passwords which are complex, and to require the users to change their password every so often. This can…
November 23, 2011 - - Comments:

Preventing Network Intrusion

It is often said that Prevention is better than cure. This adage is definitely true in network security. Network attacks are better off prevented than cured. Network administrators have to do the necessary tasks to prevent network intrusion as much as possible and ensure that no damage has been done to the network at any point of time. Topics Virus Checking Denial of Service Attack Reducing Denial of Service Attacks How DOS Attacks Work Protect Yourself from DOS Attacks Network intrusion and damage threat is always present and network administrators have to be constantly on alert. Various practices have been…
November 24, 2011 - - Comments:

Network Security Firewall and Architecture

Firewalls are one of the first security protocols implemented in the network and in computers. Developed in the late 80s, it has become the standard security measure for network administrator as well as for private individuals. Topics Intrusion and IPS The Need of a Firewall Components of a Firewall Selecting the Right Firewall Firewall and Architecture The Protection of Layer 7 Shopping for a Firewall Firewalls are essentially an application that filters content which is being transmitted. Network administrators can set the parameters as to what will be accepted and transmitted. Although it could be used in different settings, firewalls are basically…
November 26, 2011 - - Comments:

How to Effectively Protect Your System

In order to effectively protect your system you need to take pro-active guard as well as take preventive measures. In this article, you will learn about methods of data encryption to protect existing data from unauthorised users and you will also learn about taking care of your data against virus attacks. Symmetric Encryption Symmetric encryption, also known as secret key encryption, is a type of encryption which focuses on the data encryption standard (DES) process. Algorithms that are used with the latest encryption methods, like Rijndael for example, are different from DES method. At the same time, there are a number of…
November 28, 2011 - - Comments:

Data Protection Protocols

Data protection is an integral part of any network system. Care should be taken to ensure that system data remains protected during all the times under all the circumstances.  In this article you will learn about data protection in two scenarios. The first one is protecting your data on internet using Internet Security Protocol such as IPsec. Secondly, you will learn how to protect your data during transit.  Topics Using IPsec to Protect Your Data IPsec Network Layer Security IP Transaction Header Extensions Modes How to Protect Data When Its in Transit Storing Personal Data on Portable Devices Installing Anti…
November 30, 2011 - - Comments:

How to use Hashes to Ensure Integrity

Introduction Hashes are excellent within the field of cryptography. The hashes can be thought of as a type of transformation which captures input, and sends back a string which is fixed in size. This string is referred to as being the hash value. Topics Introduction Hash Basics Potential Applications for Hash Functions Methods for Hardening Your Operating System Role of Hashes in OS Hardening What Comprises a Good Password? Hash functions are directly connected to this property, and they will be used for a number of computational reasons, most notably cryptography. This hash value can be thought of as the…
November 30, 2011 - - Comments:

Importance of Goal Setting

One aspect that many successful people have in common is that they are able to set goals for the things they want to achieve in life. People who are goal oriented tend to be those who are always looking for a new challenge. Once they have become successful in one area of their life, they are rarely content, and move onto the next challenge. Success oriented people are typically those that can tell you what goals they are working on in less than two minutes, and they do not have to spend much time thinking about it, since this is what drives…
November 30, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Functional Testing

Functional testing is an efficient method of testing an application to validate its stability. It is almost similar to black box testing. Functional testing is a common method that almost all software testers use to validate a given set of software applications. This is a popular testing method just like white and black box testing. Topics Importance of Functional Testing Problems with Functional Testing Effective Functional Testing Practices Functional Testing Guidelines Functional Testing Tools Conclusion Functional testing is even more popular than other kinds of testing techniques, because this is one of the first tests conducted during the software development phase….
December 5, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Incremental Integration Testing

Incremental integration testing encompass the basic concepts of integration testing.  It is continuous or repetitive testing of a software application as new and fresh functionality is advised. You may need different aspects of software application’s functionality that are independent to work separately before you complete all parts of program. Programmers, software engineers, or test engineers may carry out this type of testing. Topics Integration Strategies Incremental Integration Testing Principles Conclusion Under usual circumstances, the incremental integration testing is done whenever the software needs to have its various aspects of functionality work independently of each other. The whole functionality of the application will…
December 8, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Install and Uninstall Testing

Installation and Uninstall testing is generally accomplished by a software test engineer with the concurrence of a configuration manager (CM). It is also known as Implementation testing and is typically characterized by a testing which comes about while utilizing compile version of codes inside the testing or pre-production environment.  This procedure normally takes place beyond the development environment so as to restrict code corruption from future delivery. Topics Performance of Implementation Performance Essentials Implementation Parameters Test Implementation Gadgets Installation testing will check and inspect whether the installed feature are working in a proper manner – including icons, buttons, support documentation,…
December 10, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Load Testing

Before understanding the complexity that is involved in testing the software using load testing methods, it is important to know that load testing is part of performance testing first. It is also crucial for you to understand that unlike other kinds of testing, the main purpose of performance testing is not to find bugs and errors in this system. Rather, the concept revolves around eliminating the different bottlenecks that are involved in a system process. Topics Examples of Load Testing Advantages of Load Testing Conclusion Having a streamlined set of system will enable it to make a baseline where for…
December 12, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Monkey Testing

Monkey testing is a random type of testing carried out by automated testing tools.  There are both “smart monkeys” and “dumb monkeys” in testing and they work randomly. Topics How to use Monkey Testing tool? Types of Monkey Testing Cost Associated with Monkey Testing Advantages of Monkey Testing Disadvantages of Monkey Testing Conclusion Smart monkey testing is very good for load and stress testing because it has the capability to find a number of bugs; however, they are very expensive to develop. On the other hand, dumb monkeys are quite cheaper to develop and they can perform some basic testing. Dumb…
December 17, 2011 - - Comments:

What is Mutation Testing

As the demand for software grows, so is the complexity of the design. The more complex a software is, the higher will be the testing needs, quality assurance and customer satisfaction. Although testing is, an integral part of the software development process the issue is still on what is sufficient or adequate testing still open. Topics What is Mutation Testing? Mutation Testing Procedure Mutation Score Analysis Mutation Testing Advantages Mutation Testing Disadvantages Automation of Mutation Testing Conclusion If your tests cannot find a bug, can you believe that there are no bugs? Is it possible to trust your unit tests? Can…
December 21, 2011 - - Comments:

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